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University of Bergen
Pediatric Follow-up Group

Growth and Puberty

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Updated knowledge of growth and weight development is important for all health-related work with children and adolescents, due to follow up of the child, but also to monitor trends in the child population. Children’s growth and development depends on heredity and environment. Norwegian children have gradually grown taller over the last hundred years, which reflects among other things, better well-being, improved nutrition and fewer infections. In the last 20-30 years weight in older children and adults has also increased.

Vekststudien i Bergen 1 og 2 | The Bergen Growth Study 1 and 2

 

Peer review publications

  1. Moen OK, Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Spielau U. Seasonal variability in body mass index, waist circumference, and skinfolds in Norwegian children. Am J Hum Biol. 2024 Apr 12:e24084. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.24084. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38613139.
  2. Helgeland Ø, Vaudel M, Sole-Navais P, Flatley C, Juodakis J, Bacelis J, Koløen IL, Knudsen GP, Johansson BB, Magnus P, Kjennerud TR, Juliusson PB, Stoltenberg C, Holmen OL, Andreassen OA, Jacobsson B, Njølstad PR, Johansson S. Author Correction: Characterization of the genetic architecture of infant and early childhood body mass index. Nat Metab. 2024 Feb;6(2):378. doi: 10.1038/s42255-024-01004-z. Erratum for: Nat Metab. 2022 Mar;4(3):344-358. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00549-1. PMID: 38337098.
  3. Juliusson PB, Roelants M. Should the Prader 3-mL orchidometer bead change colour? Acta Paediatr. 2023 Nov;112(11):2269-2270. doi: 10.1111/apa.16963. Epub 2023 Sep 4. PMID: 37667474.
  4. Juliusson PB, Roelants M. Should the Prader 3-mL orchidometer bead change colour? Acta Paediatr. 2023 Nov;112(11):2269-2270. doi: 10.1111/apa.16963. Epub 2023 Sep 4. PMID: 37667474.
  5. Balthasar MR, Roelants M, Brannsether-Ellingsen B, Stangenes KM, Magnus MC, Håberg SE, Øverland SN, JulÍusson PB. Evaluating national guidelines for monitoring early growth using routinely collected data in Bergen, Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2023 Jul 27:14034948231187513. doi: 10.1177/14034948231187513. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37496420.
  6. Nilsen GØ, Simpson MR, Hanem LGE, Løvvik TS, Ødegård R, Stokkeland LMT, Andersen MS, Juliusson PB, Vanky E. Anthropometrics of neonates born to mothers with PCOS with metformin or placebo exposure in utero. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Jul 24. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14637. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37488743.
  7. Juliusson PB, Bruserud IS, Oehme NHB, Madsen A, Forthun IH, Balthasar M, Rosendahl K, Viste K, Jugessur A, Schell LM, Bjerknes R, Roelants M. Deep phenotyping of pubertal development in Norwegian children: the Bergen Growth Study 2. Ann Hum Biol. 2023 Feb;50(1):226-235. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2174272. PMID: 37358552.
  8. Forthun IH, Roelants M, Haug LS, Knutsen HK, Schell LM, Jugessur A, Bjerknes R, Sabaredzovic A, Bruserud IS, Juliusson PB. Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Norwegian children stratified by age and sex - Data from the Bergen Growth Study 2. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023 Jul;252:114199. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114199. Epub 2023 Jun 7. PMID: 37295275.
  9. Madsen A, Almås B, Bruserud IS, Oehme NHB, Nielsen CS, Roelants M, Hundhausen T, Ljubicic ML, Bjerknes R, Mellgren G, Sagen JV, Juliusson PB, Viste K. Reference Curves for Pediatric Endocrinology: Leveraging Biomarker Z-Scores for Clinical Classifications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jun 16;107(7):2004-2015. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac155. PMID: 35299255; PMCID: PMC9202734.
  10. Linde LE, Ebbing C, Moster D, Kessler J, Baghestan E, Gissler M, Rasmussen S. Recurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, maternal and paternal contribution, and the effect of offspring birthweight and sex: a population-based cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022 Nov;306(5):1807-1814. doi: 10.1007/s00404-021-06374-3. Epub 2022 Jan 9. PMID: 34999924; PMCID: PMC9519656.
  11. Svanes C, Bertelsen RJ, Accordini S, Holloway JW, Júlíusson P, Boateng E, Krauss-Etchmann S, Schlünssen V, Gómez-Real F, Skulstad SM. Exposures during the prepuberty period and future offspring's health: evidence from human cohort studies†. Biol Reprod. 2021 Sep 14;105(3):667-680. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab158. PMID: 34416759; PMCID: PMC8444705
  12. Bruserud IS, Oehme NHB, Madsen A, Rosendahl K, Bjerknes R, Roelants M, Júlíusson PB. Puberty starts earlier. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2021 Apr 21;141(7). English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0210. PMID: 33950643.
  13. Wilcox AJ, Cortese M, McConnaughey DR, Moster D, Basso O. The limits of small-for-gestational-age as a high-risk category. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Oct;36(10):985-991. doi: 10.1007/s10654-021-00810-z. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMID: 34661814.
  14. Ueland GÅ, Kellmann R, Jørstad Davidsen M, Viste K, Husebye ES, Almås B, Storr HL, Sagen JV, Mellgren G, Júlíusson PB, Methlie P. Bedtime Salivary Cortisol as a Screening Test for Cushing Syndrome in Children. J Endocr Soc. 2021 Mar 4;5(5):bvab033. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab033. PMID: 33928203; PMCID: PMC8064046.
  15. Magnus MC, Wilcox AJ, Fadum EA, Gjessing HK, Opdahl S, Juliusson PB, Romundstad LB, Håberg SE. Growth in children conceived by ART. Hum Reprod. 2021 Mar 18;36(4):1074-1082. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab007. PMID: 33592626; PMCID: PMC7970724.
  16. Oehme NHB, Roelants M, Bruserud IS, Madsen A, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Juliusson PB. Low BMI, but not high BMI, influences the timing of puberty in boys. Andrology. 2021 May;9(3):837-845. doi: 10.1111/andr.12985. Epub 2021 Feb 17. PMID: 33544961.
  17. Rohrer TR, Abuzzahab J, Backeljauw P, Birkegård AC, Blair J, Dahlgren J, Júlíusson PB, Ostrow V, Pietropoli A, Polak M, Romano A, Ross J, Sävendahl L, Miller BS. Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Childhood Growth Hormone Treatment in Noonan Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr. 2020;93(6):380-395. doi: 10.1159/000512429. Epub 2021 Jan 13. PMID: 33440388.
  18. Madsen A, Bruserud IS, Bertelsen BE, Roelants M, Oehme NHB, Viste K, Bjerknes R, Almås B, Rosendahl K, Mellgren G, Sagen JV, Juliusson PB. Hormone References for Ultrasound Breast Staging and Endocrine Profiling to Detect Female Onset of Puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec 1;105(12):e4886–95. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa679. PMID: 32961560; PMCID: PMC7571452.
  19. Schei K, Simpson MR, Avershina E, Rudi K, Øien T, Júlíusson PB, Underhill D, Salamati S, Ødegård RA. Early Gut Fungal and Bacterial Microbiota and Childhood Growth. Front Pediatr. 2020 Nov 9;8:572538. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.572538. PMID: 33240830; PMCID: PMC7680752.
  20. Oehme N, Bruserud IS, Madsen A, Júlíusson PB. Is puberty starting earlier than before? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2020 Aug 31;140(12). English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0043. PMID: 32900174.
  21. Bruserud IS, Roelants M, Oehme NHB, Madsen A, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Juliusson PB. References for Ultrasound Staging of Breast Maturation, Tanner Breast Staging, Pubic Hair, and Menarche in Norwegian Girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):1599–607. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa107. PMID: 32140730; PMCID: PMC7275631.
  22. Oehme NHB, Roelants M, Saervold Bruserud I, Madsen A, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Juliusson PB. Reference data for testicular volume measured with ultrasound and pubic hair in Norwegian boys are comparable with Northern European populations. Acta Paediatr. 2020 Aug;109(8):1612-1619. doi: 10.1111/apa.15159. Epub 2020 Jan 22. PMID: 31899821.
  23. Juliusson PB, Dagbjartsson A, Roelants M, Palsson G, Fridjonsdottir H, Einarsdottir R, Thorsson AV. Larger head circumference in Icelandic children 0-4 years of age compared to the World Health Organization and Swedish growth charts. Acta Paediatr. 2020 Jun;109(6):1184-1189. doi: 10.1111/apa.15103. Epub 2019 Dec 5. PMID: 31755566.
  24. Bjertnaes AA, Grundt JH, Juliusson PB, Markestad TJ, Strand TA, Holten-Andersen MN. Sex-related change in BMI of 15- to 16-year-old Norwegian girls in cross-sectional studies in 2002 and 2017. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Nov 12;19(1):431. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1790-2. PMID: 31718598; PMCID: PMC6849237.
  25. Madsen A, Oehme NB, Roelants M, Bruserud IS, Eide GE, Viste K, Bjerknes R, Almås B, Rosendahl K, Sagen JV, Mellgren G, Juliusson PB. Testicular Ultrasound to Stratify Hormone References in a Cross-Sectional Norwegian Study of Male Puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jun 1;105(6):dgz094. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz094. PMID: 31697832.
  26. Helgeland Ø, Vaudel M, Juliusson PB, Lingaas Holmen O, Juodakis J, Bacelis J, Jacobsson B, Lindekleiv H, Hveem K, Lie RT, Knudsen GP, Stoltenberg C, Magnus P, Sagen JV, Molven A, Johansson S, Njølstad PR. Genome-wide association study reveals dynamic role of genetic variation in infant and early childhood growth. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 1;10(1):4448. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12308-0. PMID: 31575865; PMCID: PMC6773698.
  27. Bruserud IS, Roelants M, Oehme NHB, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Júlíusson PB. Ultrasound assessment of pubertal breast development in girls: intra- and interobserver agreement. Pediatr Radiol. 2018 Oct;48(11):1576-1583. doi: 10.1007/s00247-018-4188-7. Epub 2018 Jul 7. PMID: 29982956.
  28. Oehme NHB, Roelants M, Bruserud IS, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Júlíusson PB. Ultrasound-based measurements of testicular volume in 6- to 16-year-old boys - intra- and interobserver agreement and comparison with Prader orchidometry. Pediatr Radiol. 2018 Nov;48(12):1771-1778. doi: 10.1007/s00247-018-4195-8. Epub 2018 Jul 6. PMID: 29980860.
  29. Kløvgaard M, Nielsen NO, Sørensen TL, Bjerregaard P, Olsen B, Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Christesen HT. Growth of children in Greenland exceeds the World Health Organization growth charts. Acta Paediatr. 2018 Nov;107(11):1953-1965. doi: 10.1111/apa.14369. Epub 2018 May 21. PMID: 29693738; PMCID: PMC6221127.
  30. Rosendahl K, Bruserud IS, Oehme N, Júlíusson PB, de Horatio LT, Müller LO, Magni-Manzoni S. Normative ultrasound references for the paediatric wrist; dorsal soft tissues. RMD Open. 2018 Mar 10;4(1):e000642. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000642. PMID: 29556421; PMCID: PMC5856916.
  31. Júlíusson PB, Hjelmesæth J, Bjerknes R, Roelants M. New curves for body mass index among children and adolescents. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2017 Oct 2;137(18). Norwegian, English. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0570. PMID: 28972329.
  32. Bratke H, Bruserud IS, Brannsether B, Aßmus J, Bjerknes R, Roelants M, Júlíusson PB. Timing of menarche in Norwegian girls: associations with body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness. BMC Pediatr. 2017 Jun 6;17(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0893-x. PMID: 28587648; PMCID: PMC5461627.
  33. Byberg KK, Øymar K, Eide GE, Forman MR, Júlíusson PB. Exposure to preeclampsia in utero affects growth from birth to late childhood dependent on child's sex and severity of exposure: Follow-up of a nested case-control study. PLoS One. 2017 May 9;12(5):e0176627. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176627. PMID: 28486480; PMCID: PMC5423584.
  34. Brannsether B, Roelants M, Bjerknes R, Júlíusson PB. New reference charts for weight-related body measurements in children. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2016 Nov 22;136(21):1828-1830. English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0574. PMID: 27883109.
  35. Christesen HT, Pedersen BT, Pournara E, Petit IO, Júlíusson PB. Short Stature: Comparison of WHO and National Growth Standards/References for Height. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 9;11(6):e0157277. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157277. PMID: 27280591; PMCID: PMC4900602.
  36. Brannsether B, Eide GE, Roelants M, Bjerknes R, Júlíusson PB. BMI and BMI SDS in childhood: annual increments and conditional change. Ann Hum Biol. 2017 Feb;44(1):28-33. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2016.1151933. Epub 2016 Mar 10. PMID: 26862707.
  37. Amare EB, Idsøe M, Wiksnes M, Moss T, Roelants M, Shimelis D, Júlíusson PB, Kiserud T, Wester K. Reference Ranges for Head Circumference in Ethiopian Children 0-2 Years of Age. World Neurosurg. 2015 Dec;84(6):1566-71.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.045. Epub 2015 Sep 3. PMID: 26342781.
  38. Júlíusson PB, Brannsether B, Kristiansen H, Hoppenbrouwers K, Bjerknes R, Roelants M. Should children with overweight or obesity be excluded from height references? Arch Dis Child. 2015 Nov;100(11):1044-8. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308537. Epub 2015 Aug 21. PMID: 26297699.
  39. Finbråten AK, Martins C, Andersen GL, Skranes J, Brannsether B, Júlíusson PB, Syversen U, Stevenson RD, Vik T. Assessment of body composition in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study in Norway. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015 Sep;57(9):858-64. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12752. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PMID: 25827868.
  40. Blankenstein O, Pedersen BT, Schlumpf M, Andreasen AH, Júlíusson PB. Management and interpretation of heterogeneous observational data: using insulin-like growth factor-I data from the NordiNet® International Outcome Study. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2015 Feb;25(1):41-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 9. PMID: 25542446.
  41. Jensen ET, Daniels JL, Stürmer T, Robinson WR, Williams CJ, Moster D, Juliusson PB, Vejrup K, Magnus P, Longnecker MP. Maternal hormonal contraceptive use and offspring overweight or obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Oct;38(10):1275-81. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.114. Epub 2014 Jul 2. PMID: 24984751; PMCID: PMC4365991.
  42. Glavin K, Roelants M, Strand BH, Júlíusson PB, Lie KK, Helseth S, Hovengen R. Important periods of weight development in childhood: a population-based longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2014 Feb 13;14:160. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-160. PMID: 24524269; PMCID: PMC3925776.
  43. Brannsether B, Roelants M, Bjerknes R, Júlíusson PB. References and cutoffs for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in Norwegian children 4-16 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep;67(9):928-33. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.91. Epub 2013 May 1. PMID: 23632751.
  44. Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Nordal E, Furevik L, Eide GE, Moster D, Hauspie R, Bjerknes R. Growth references for 0-19 year-old Norwegian children for length/height, weight, body mass index and head circumference. Ann Hum Biol. 2013 May;40(3):220-7. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2012.759276. Epub 2013 Feb 18. PMID: 23414181.
  45. Milani S, Buckler JM, Kelnar CJ, Benso L, Gilli G, Nicoletti I, Faglia G, Radetti G, Bona G, Schonbeck Y, Van Buuren S, Hermanussen M, Grugni G, Marazzi N, Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Hoppenbrouwers K, Hauspie R, Bjerknes R, Lejarraga H, Sartorio A. The use of local reference growth charts for clinical use or a universal standard: a balanced appraisal. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 Feb;35(2):224-6. doi: 10.1007/BF03345422. PMID: 22490992.
  46. Brannsether B, Roelants M, Bjerknes R, Júlíusson PB. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in Norwegian children 4-18 years of age: reference values and cut-off levels. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Dec;100(12):1576-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02370.x. Epub 2011 Jun 16. PMID: 21627692.
  47. Bang P, Bjerknes R, Dahlgren J, Dunkel L, Gustafsson J, Juul A, Kriström B, Tapanainen P, Aberg V. A comparison of different definitions of growth response in short prepubertal children treated with growth hormone. Horm Res Paediatr. 2011;75(5):335-45. doi: 10.1159/000322878. Epub 2011 Jan 12. PMID: 21228552.
  48. Westerberg AC, Henriksen C, Ellingvåg A, Veierød MB, Júlíusson PB, Nakstad B, Aurvåg AK, Rønnestad A, Grønn M, Iversen PO, Drevon CA. First year growth among very low birth weight infants. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Apr;99(4):556-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01667.x. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PMID: 20096031.
  49. Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Hoppenbrouwers K, Hauspie R, Bjerknes R. Growth of Belgian and Norwegian children compared to the WHO growth standards: prevalence below -2 and above +2 SD and the effect of breastfeeding. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Oct;96(10):916-21. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.166157. Epub 2009 Nov 30. PMID: 19948662.
  50. Júlíusson PB, Roelants M, Eide GE, Moster D, Juul A, Hauspie R, Waaler PE, Bjerknes R. Vekstkurver for norske barn [Growth references for Norwegian children]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2009 Feb 12;129(4):281-6. Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.32473. PMID: 19219092.
  51. Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Thorsson AV, Thorup J, Main KM. Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):611-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x. PMID: 17462053.
  52. Berg JP, Bjerknes R. Molekylaerdiagnostikk av endokrine sykdommer [Molecular diagnostics in endocrine diseases]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2005 Nov 3;125(21):2959-63. Norwegian. PMID: 16276381.
  53. Ritzén EM, Bergh A, Bjerknes R, Christiansen P, Cortes D, Haugen SE, Jörgensen N, Kollin C, Lindahl S, Läckgren G, Main KM, Nordenskjöld A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Söder O, Taskinen S, Thorsson A, Thorup J, Toppari J, Virtanen H. Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):638-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00159.x. Epub 2007 Feb 26. PMID: 17326760.
  54. Bjerknes R. Hvordan identifisere binyrebarksuppresjon hos barn som behandles med inhalasjonssteroider? [How to identify adrenal cortex suppression in children treated with inhalation steroids?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2005 Aug 11;125(15):2033. Norwegian. PMID: 16114125.
  55. Angell-Andersen E, Tretli S, Bjerknes R, Forsén T, Sørensen TI, Eriksson JG, Räsänen L, Grotmol T. The association between nutritional conditions during World War II and childhood anthropometric variables in the Nordic countries. Ann Hum Biol. 2004 May-Jun;31(3):342-55. doi: 10.1080/03014460410001685304. PMID: 15204349.
  56. Bjerknes R. Barn er ikke små voksne [Children are not small adults]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Feb 20;121(5):549. Norwegian. PMID: 11301604.
  57. Bjerknes R, Skadberg B, Njølstad PR. Astma, inhalasjonssteroider og vekst [Asthma, steroid inhalation and growth]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Jan 30;121(3):281. Norwegian. PMID: 11242865.
  58. Haug K, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R, Markestad T, Baste V, Schreuder P. Maternal smoking and birthweight: effect modification of period, maternal age and paternal smoking. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000 Jun;79(6):485-9. PMID: 10857873.
  59. Markestad T, Vik T, Ahlsten G, Gebre-Medhin M, Skjaerven R, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ, Bakketeig LS. Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants born at term: growth and development during the first year of life. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;165:93-101. PMID: 9219465.
  60. Vik T, Markestad T, Ahlsten G, Gebre-Medhin M, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ, Bakketeig LS. Body proportions and early neonatal morbidity in small-for-gestational-age infants of successive births. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;165:76-81. PMID: 9219462.
  61. Markestad T, Lossius P, Maartmann-Moe H, Iversen OE, Lie RT, Bergsjø P, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ, Bakketeig LS. Cell division in placentas of appropriate and small-for-gestational-age infants. A flow cytometry study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;165:59-62. PMID: 9219459.
  62. Markestad T, Lossius P, Maartmann-Moe H, Iversen OE, Lie RT, Bergsjø P, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ, Bakketeig LS. Cell division in placentas of appropriate and small-for-gestational-age infants. A flow cytometry study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;165:59-62. PMID: 9219459.
  63. Markestad T, Bergsjø P, Aakvaag A, Lie RT, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ, Bakketeig LS. Prediction of fetal growth based on maternal serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen and estriol. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;165:50-5. PMID: 9219457.
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Associate Professor

Department of Clinical Science

Bente.Brannsether-Ellingsen@student.uib.no

17.06.2024